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<title>Computer keyboard</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer keyboard</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Keyboard_computer" title="Keyboard computer">keyboard computer</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>computer keyboard</b> is a built-in or <a href="Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> <a href="Input_device" title="Input device">input device</a> modeled after the <a href="Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a> keyboard<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which uses an arrangement of buttons or <a href="Push-button" title="Push-button">keys</a> to act as <a href="Mechanical_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical keyboard">mechanical levers</a> or <a href="Electronic_switching_system" title="Electronic switching system">electronic switches</a>. Replacing early <a href="Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a> and <a href="Paper_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper tape">paper tape</a> technology, interaction via <a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a>-style keyboards have been the main <a href="Input_device" title="Input device">input method</a> for <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> since the 1970s, supplemented by the <a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a> since the 1980s, and the <a href="Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> since the 2000s.

</p><p>Keyboard keys (buttons) typically have a set of characters <a href="Engraving" title="Engraving">engraved</a> or <a href="Printing" title="Printing">printed</a> on them, and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written <a href="Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a>. However, producing some symbols may require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most keys produce <a href="Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">characters</a> (<a href="Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>, <a href="Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">numbers</a> or symbols), other keys (such as the <a href="Escape_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape key">escape key</a>) can prompt the computer to execute system commands. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to the software: the information sent to the computer, the <a href="Scan_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Scan code">scan code</a>, tells it only which physical key (or keys) was pressed or released.<sup id="cite_ref-msusb13a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msusb13a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In normal usage, the keyboard is used as a <a href="Text_entry_interface" title="Text entry interface">text entry interface</a> for typing text, numbers, and symbols into <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> such as a <a href="Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a>, <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> or <a href="Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> app. Touchscreens use <a href="Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">virtual keyboards</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p><a href="Typewriter" title="Typewriter">Typewriters</a> are the definitive ancestor of all key-based text entry devices, but the computer keyboard as a device for electromechanical data entry and communication largely comes from the utility of two devices: <a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinters</a> (or teletypes) and <a href="Keypunch" title="Keypunch">keypunches</a>. It was through such devices that modern computer keyboards inherited their layouts.

</p><p>As early as the 1870s, teleprinter-like devices were used to simultaneously type and transmit <a href="Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a> text data from the keyboard across telegraph lines to <a href="Stock_ticker_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock ticker machine">stock ticker machines</a> to be immediately copied and displayed onto <a href="Ticker_tape" title="Ticker tape">ticker tape</a>. The teleprinter, in its more contemporary form, was developed from 1907 to 1910 by American mechanical engineer <a href="Charles_Krum" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Krum">Charles Krum</a> and his son Howard, with early contributions by electrical engineer Frank Pearne. Earlier models were developed separately by individuals such as <a href="Royal_Earl_House" title="Royal Earl House">Royal Earl House</a> and <a href="Frederick_G._Creed" title="Frederick G. Creed">Frederick G. Creed</a>.

</p><p>Earlier, <a href="Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a> developed the first keypunch devices, which soon evolved to include keys for text and number entry akin to normal typewriters by the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The keyboard on the teleprinter played a strong role in point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication for most of the 20th century, while the keyboard on the keypunch device played a strong role in data entry and storage for just as long. The development of some of the earliest computers incorporated electric typewriter keyboards: the development of the <a href="ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> computer incorporated a keypunch device as both the input and paper-based output device, and the <a href="BINAC" title="BINAC">BINAC</a> computer made use of an electromechanically controlled typewriter for both data entry onto magnetic tape (instead of paper) and data output.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The keyboard remained the primary, most integrated computer peripheral well into the era of personal computing until the introduction of the mouse as a consumer device in 1984. By this time, text-only user interfaces with sparse graphics gave way to <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">comparatively graphics-rich icons on screen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, keyboards remain central to human-computer interaction to the present though mobile personal computing devices such as <a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a> use a <a href="Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">virtual keyboard</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_standards">Types and standards</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">Keyboard layout</a></div>

<p>Different types of keyboards are available and each is designed with a focus on specific features that suit particular needs. Today, most full-size keyboards use one of three different mechanical layouts, usually referred to as simply <i>ISO</i> (<a href="ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">ISO/IEC 9995</a>-2), <i>ANSI</i> (<a href="ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a>-<a href="INCITS" class="mw-redirect" title="INCITS">INCITS</a> 154-1988), and <i>JIS</i> (<a href="Japanese_Industrial_Standards" title="Japanese Industrial Standards">JIS</a> X 6002-1980), referring roughly to the organizations issuing the relevant worldwide, United States, and Japanese standards, respectively. (In fact, the mechanical layouts referred such as "ISO" and "ANSI" comply to the primary recommendations in the named standards, while each of these standards in fact also allows the other way.) ANSI standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.75 inches (19 mm)), and have a key travel of at least 0.15 inches (3.8 mm).

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<p>Modern keyboard models contain a set number of total keys according to their given standard, described as 101, 104, 105, etc. and sold as "Full-size" keyboards.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern keyboards matching US conventions typically have 104 keys while the 105 key layout is the norm in the rest of the world. This number is not always followed, and individual keys or whole sections are commonly skipped for the sake of compactness or user preference. The most common choice is to not include the numpad, which can usually be fully replaced by the alphanumeric section; such designs are referred to as "tenkeyless" (or TKL).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laptops and wireless peripherals often lack duplicate keys and ones seldom used. Function- and arrow keys are nearly always present.

</p><p>Another factor determining the size of a keyboard is the size and spacing of the keys. The reduction is limited by the practical consideration that the keys must be large enough to be easily pressed by fingers. Alternatively, a tool is used for pressing small keys.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desktop_or_full-size">Desktop or full-size</h3></div>

<p>Desktop computer keyboards include alphabetic characters and numerals (and usually additionally a <a href="Numeric_keypad" title="Numeric keypad">numeric keypad</a>), <a href="List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a>, one or more <a href="Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">currency symbols</a> and other special characters, <a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> and a variety of <a href="Function_Keys" class="mw-redirect" title="Function Keys">function keys</a>. The repertoire of <a href="Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> engraved on the keys of a keyboard accords with national conventions and language needs. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys, such as the <a href="Command_key" title="Command key">command key</a> or <a href="Windows_key" title="Windows key">Windows keys</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laptop-size">Laptop-size</h3></div>

<p>Keyboards on <a href="Laptops" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptops">laptops</a> and <a href="Notebook_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Notebook computers">notebook computers</a> usually have a shorter travel distance for the keystroke, shorter over travel distance, and a reduced set of keys. They may not have a <a href="Numeric_keypad" title="Numeric keypad">numeric keypad</a>, and the function keys may be placed in locations that differ from their placement on a standard, full-sized keyboard. The switch mechanism for a laptop keyboard is more likely to be a scissor switch than a rubber dome; this is opposite the trend for full-size keyboards.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexible_keyboards">Flexible keyboards</h3></div>

<p>Flexible keyboards are a junction between normal type and laptop type keyboards: normal from the full arrangement of keys, and laptop from the short key distance. Additionally, the flexibility allows the user to fold/roll the keyboard for better storage and transfer. However, for typing the keyboard must be resting on a hard surface. The vast majority<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of flexible keyboards in the market are made from silicone; this material makes them water- and dust-proof. This is useful in hospitals,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where keyboards are subjected to frequent washing,

and other dirty or must-be-clean environments.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handheld">Handheld</h3></div>

<p>Handheld <a href="Ergonomic_keyboard" title="Ergonomic keyboard">ergonomic keyboards</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are designed to be held like a game controller, and can be used as such, instead of laid out flat on top of a table surface.

</p><p>Typically handheld keyboards hold all the alphanumeric keys and symbols that a standard keyboard would have, yet only be accessed by pressing two sets of keys at once; one acting as a function key similar to a 'Shift' key that would allow for capital letters on a standard keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Handheld keyboards allow the user the ability to move around a room or to lean back on a chair while also being able to type in front or away from the computer.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some variations of handheld ergonomic keyboards also include a trackball mouse that allow mouse movement and typing included in one handheld device.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thumb-sized">Thumb-sized</h3></div>

<p>Smaller external keyboards have been introduced for devices without a built-in keyboard, such as <a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>, and smartphones. Small keyboards are also useful where there is a limited workspace.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A <a href="Thumb_keyboard" title="Thumb keyboard">thumb keyboard</a> (thumb board) is used in some personal digital assistants such as the <a href="Palm_Treo" title="Palm Treo">Palm Treo</a> and <a href="BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> and some <a href="Ultra-Mobile_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-Mobile PC">Ultra-Mobile PCs</a> such as the <a href="OQO" title="OQO">OQO</a>.

</p><p>Numeric keyboards contain only numbers, mathematical symbols for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, a decimal point, and several function keys. They are often used to facilitate data entry with smaller keyboards that do not have a numeric keypad, commonly those of laptop computers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These keys are collectively known as a numeric pad, numeric keys, or a numeric keypad, and it can consist of the following types of keys: <a href="Arithmetic#Arithmetic_operations" title="Arithmetic">Arithmetic operators</a>, <a href="Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">numbers</a>, <a href="Arrow_keys" title="Arrow keys">arrow keys</a>, Navigation keys, <a href="Num_Lock" title="Num Lock">Num Lock</a> and <a href="Enter_key" title="Enter key">Enter key</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multifunctional">Multifunctional</h3></div>

<p>Multifunctional keyboards provide additional function beyond the standard keyboard. Many are programmable, configurable computer keyboards and some control multiple PCs, workstations and other information sources, usually in multi-screen work environments. Users have additional key functions as well as the standard functions and can typically use a single keyboard and mouse to access multiple sources.

</p>

<p>Multifunctional keyboards may feature customised keypads, fully programmable function or soft keys for macros/pre-sets, biometric or <a href="Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart card</a> readers, <a href="Trackball" title="Trackball">trackballs</a>, etc. New generation multifunctional keyboards feature a <a href="Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> display to stream video, control audio visual media and alarms, execute application inputs, configure individual desktop environments, etc. Multifunctional keyboards may also permit users to share access to PCs and other information sources. Multiple interfaces (serial, USB, audio, Ethernet, etc.) are used to integrate external devices. Some multifunctional keyboards are also used to directly and intuitively control video walls.

</p><p>Common environments for multifunctional keyboards are complex, high-performance workplaces for <a href="Trading_room" title="Trading room">financial traders</a> and <a href="Control_room" title="Control room">control room</a> operators (emergency services, security, air traffic management; industry, utilities management, etc.).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-standard_layout_and_special-use_types">Non-standard layout and special-use types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One-handed_keyboards">One-handed keyboards</h3></div>

<p>Many keyboards have been designed for one-handed operation.

The first one, a chorded keyboard, was invented by <a href="Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a>.

Other types of one-handed keyboards include the <a href="FrogPad" title="FrogPad">FrogPad</a>, the <a href="Half-keyboard" title="Half-keyboard">Half-keyboard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

and <a href="Dvorak_keyboard_layout#One-handed_versions" title="Dvorak keyboard layout"> one-handed Dvorak keyboard layouts</a> designed for <a href="One_hand_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="One hand typing">one hand typing</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chorded">Chorded</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Chorded_keyboard" title="Chorded keyboard">Chorded keyboard</a></div>

<p>While other keyboards generally associate one action with each key, chorded keyboards associate actions with combinations of key presses. Since there are many combinations available, chorded keyboards can effectively produce more actions on a board with fewer keys. Court reporters' <a href="Stenotype" title="Stenotype">stenotype</a> machines use chorded keyboards to enable them to enter text much faster by typing a syllable with each stroke instead of one letter at a time. The fastest typists (as of 2007) use a stenograph, a kind of chorded keyboard used by most court reporters and closed-caption reporters. Some chorded keyboards are also made for use in situations where fewer keys are preferable, such as on devices that can be used with only one hand, and on small mobile devices that don't have room for larger keyboards. Chorded keyboards are less desirable in many cases because it usually takes practice and memorization of the combinations to become proficient.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual">Virtual</h3></div>

<p><a href="Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">Virtual keyboards</a>, sometimes called on-screen keyboards (rarely software keyboards), consist of computer programs that display an image of a keyboard on the screen. Another input device such as a mouse or a touchscreen can be used to operate each virtual key to enter text. Virtual keyboards have become very popular in touchscreen enabled cell phones due to the additional cost and space requirements of other types of hardware keyboards. Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and some varieties of Linux include on-screen keyboards that can be controlled with the mouse. In these, the mouse has to be maneuvered onto the on-screen letters given by the software. On the click of a letter, the software writes the respective letter in the respective spot.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projection">Projection</h3></div>

<p><a href="Projection_keyboard" title="Projection keyboard">Projection keyboards</a> project an image of keys, usually with a laser, onto a flat surface. The device then uses a camera or infrared sensor to "watch" where the user's fingers move, and will count a key as being pressed when it "sees" the user's finger touch the projected image. Projection keyboards can simulate a full size keyboard from a very small projector. Because the "keys" are simply projected images, they cannot be felt when pressed. Users of projected keyboards often experience increased discomfort in their fingertips because of the lack of "give" when typing. A flat, non-reflective surface is also required for the keys to be projected. Most projection keyboards are made for use with <a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a> and smartphones due to their small form factor.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_keyboard_technology">Optical keyboard technology</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Keyboard_technology" title="Keyboard technology">Keyboard technology</a></div>

<p>Also known as photo-optical keyboard, light responsive keyboard, photo-electric keyboard and optical key actuation detection technology.

</p><p>An optical keyboard technology<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> utilizes <a href="Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LEDs</a> and <a href="Photoelectric_sensor" title="Photoelectric sensor">photo sensors</a> to optically detect actuated keys. Most commonly the emitters and sensors are located in the perimeter, mounted on a small <a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a>. The <a href="Light" title="Light">light</a> is directed from side to side of the keyboard interior and it can only be blocked by the actuated keys. Most optical keyboards<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> require at least 2 beams (most commonly vertical beam and horizontal beam) to determine the actuated key. Some optical keyboards use a special key structure that blocks the light in a certain pattern, allowing only one beam per row of keys (most commonly horizontal beam).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_types">Key types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphanumeric">Alphanumeric</h3></div>

<p>Alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys are used in the same fashion as a typewriter keyboard to enter their respective symbol into a word processing program, text editor, data spreadsheet, or other program. Many of these keys will produce different symbols when modifier keys or shift keys are pressed. The alphabetic characters become uppercase when the shift key or Caps Lock key is depressed. The numeric characters become symbols or punctuation marks when the shift key is depressed. The alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys can also have other functions when they are pressed at the same time as some modifier keys.

</p><p>The <a href="Space_bar" title="Space bar">Space bar</a> is a horizontal bar in the lowermost row, which is significantly wider than other keys. Like the alphanumeric characters, it is also descended from the mechanical typewriter. Its main purpose is to enter the space between words during typing. It is large enough so that a thumb from either hand can use it easily. Depending on the operating system, when the space bar is used with a modifier key such as the control key, it may have functions such as resizing or closing the current window, half-spacing, or backspacing. In computer games and other applications the key has myriad uses in addition to its normal purpose in typing, such as jumping and adding marks to check boxes. In certain programs for playback of digital video, the space bar is used for pausing and resuming the playback.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modifier_keys">Modifier keys</h3></div>

<p><a href="Modifier_key" title="Modifier key">Modifier keys</a> are special keys that modify the normal action of another key, when the two are pressed in combination. For example, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">

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</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">F4</kbd> in Microsoft Windows will close the program in an <a href="Active_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Active window">active window</a>. In contrast, pressing just <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">F4</kbd> will probably do nothing, unless assigned a specific function in a particular program. By themselves, modifier keys usually do nothing.

</p><p>The most widely used modifier keys include the <a href="Control_key" title="Control key">Control key</a>, <a href="Shift_key" title="Shift key">Shift key</a> and the <a href="Alt_key" title="Alt key">Alt key</a>. The <a href="AltGr_key" title="AltGr key">AltGr key</a> is used to access additional symbols for keys that have three symbols printed on them. On the Macintosh and Apple keyboards, the modifier keys are the <a href="Option_key" title="Option key">Option key</a> and <a href="Command_key" title="Command key">Command key</a>, respectively. On <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> and <a href="Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a> keyboards, the <a href="Meta_key" title="Meta key">Meta key</a> is used as a modifier and for Windows keyboards, there is a <a href="Windows_key" title="Windows key">Windows key</a>. Compact keyboard layouts often use a <a href="Fn_key" title="Fn key">Fn key</a>. "<a href="Dead_key" title="Dead key">Dead keys</a>" allow placement of a <a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> mark, such as an accent, on the following letter (e.g., the <a href="Compose_key" title="Compose key">Compose key</a>).

</p><p>The <a href="Enter_key" title="Enter key">enter/return key</a> typically causes a command line, window form or dialog box to operate its default function, which is typically to finish an "entry" and begin the desired process. In word processing applications, pressing the enter key ends a paragraph and starts a new one.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cursor_keys">Cursor keys</h3></div>

<p>Navigation keys or cursor keys include a variety of keys which move the cursor to different positions on the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Arrow_keys" title="Arrow keys">Arrow keys</a> are programmed to move the cursor in a specified direction; page scroll keys, such as the <a href="Page_Up_and_Page_Down_keys" title="Page Up and Page Down keys">Page Up and Page Down keys</a>, scroll the page up and down. The <a href="Home_key" title="Home key">Home key</a> is used to return the cursor to the beginning of the line where the cursor is located; the <a href="End_key" title="End key">End key</a> puts the cursor at the end of the line. The <a href="Tab_key" title="Tab key">Tab key</a> advances the cursor to the next tab stop.

The <a href="Insert_key" title="Insert key">Insert key</a> is mainly used to switch between overtype mode, in which the cursor overwrites any text that is present on and after its current location, and insert mode, where the cursor inserts a character at its current position, forcing all characters past it one position further. The <a href="Delete_key" title="Delete key">Delete key</a> discards the character ahead of the cursor's position, moving all following characters one position "back" towards the freed place. On many notebook computer keyboards the key labeled Delete (sometimes Delete and Backspace are printed on the same key) serves the same purpose as a Backspace key. The <a href="Backspace" title="Backspace">Backspace</a> key deletes the preceding character.

<a href="Lock_key" title="Lock key">Lock keys</a> lock part of a keyboard, depending on the settings selected. The lock keys are scattered around the keyboard. Most styles of keyboards have three LEDs indicating which locks are enabled, in the upper right corner above the numeric pad. The lock keys include <a href="Scroll_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Scroll lock">Scroll lock</a>, <a href="Num_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Num lock">Num lock</a> (which allows the use of the numeric keypad), and <a href="Caps_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Caps lock">Caps lock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_commands">System commands</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="System_request" title="System request">SysRq</a> and <a href="Print_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Print screen">Print screen</a> commands often share the same key. SysRq was used in earlier computers as a "panic" button to recover from crashes (and it is still used in this sense to some extent by the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>; see <a href="Magic_SysRq_key" title="Magic SysRq key">Magic SysRq key</a>). The Print screen command used to capture the entire screen and send it to the printer, but in the present it usually puts a screenshot in the <a href="Clipboard_(computing)" title="Clipboard (computing)">clipboard</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Break_key">Break key</h4></div>

<p>The <a href="Break_key" title="Break key">Break key</a>/Pause key no longer has a well-defined purpose. Its origins go back to teleprinter users, who wanted a key that would temporarily interrupt the communications line. The Break key can be used by software in several different ways, such as to switch between multiple login sessions, to terminate a program, or to interrupt a modem connection.

In programming, especially old DOS-style BASIC, Pascal and C, Break is used (in conjunction with Ctrl) to stop program execution. In addition to this, Linux and variants, as well as many DOS programs, treat this combination the same as Ctrl+C. On modern keyboards, the break key is usually labeled Pause/Break. In most Windows environments, the key combination Windows key+Pause brings up the system properties.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Escape_key">Escape key</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Esc_key" title="Esc key">Esc key</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Esc_key" title="Esc key">escape key</a> (<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">esc</kbd>) has a variety of meanings according to Operating System, application or both. "Nearly all of the time",<sup id="cite_ref-SF_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SF-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it signals <i>Stop</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>QUIT</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "let me get out of a dialog" (or pop-up window).<sup id="cite_ref-SF_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SF-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It triggers the Stop function in many web browsers.<sup id="cite_ref-SF2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SF2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The escape key was part of the standard keyboard of the <a href="Teletype_Model_33" title="Teletype Model 33">Teletype Model 33</a> (introduced in 1964 and used with many early minicomputers).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="VT50" class="mw-redirect" title="VT50">VT50</a>, introduced July 1974, also had an Esc key. The <a href="TECO_(text_editor)" title="TECO (text editor)">TECO</a> text editor (ca 1963) and its descendant <a href="GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">Emacs</a> (ca 1985) use the Esc key extensively.

</p><p>Historically it also served as a type of shift key, such that one or more following characters were interpreted differently, hence the term <a href="Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escape sequence</a>, which refers to a series of characters, usually preceded by the <a href="Escape_character" title="Escape character">escape character</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On machines running Microsoft Windows, prior to the implementation of the Windows key on keyboards, the typical practice for invoking the "start" button was to hold down the control key and press escape. This process still works in Windows 95, 98, Me, NT 4, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enter_key_or_Return_key">Enter key or Return key</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Enter_key" title="Enter key">Enter key</a></div>

<p>The 'enter key' <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap" style="border: 0.1em solid #AAA; border-radius:0.2em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.2em 0.2em #DDD; background-color: #F9F9F9; background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #EEE, #F9F9F9, #EEE); padding: 0.1em 0.3em; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em;"><a href="Enter_key" title="Enter key">⌅ Enter</a></kbd> and 'return key' <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap" style="border: 0.1em solid #AAA; border-radius:0.2em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.2em 0.2em #DDD; background-color: #F9F9F9; background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #EEE, #F9F9F9, #EEE); padding: 0.1em 0.3em; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em;"><a href="Enter_key" title="Enter key">↵ Return</a></kbd> are two closely related keys with overlapping and distinct functions dependent on <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application</a>. On full-size keyboards, there are two such keys, one in the alphanumeric keys and the other one is in the numeric keys. The purpose of the enter key is to confirm what has been typed. The return key is based on the original <a href="Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">line feed</a>/<a href="Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">carriage return</a> function of <a href="Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a>: in many word processors, for example, the return key ends a paragraph; in a spreadsheet, it completes the current cell and move to the next cell.

</p><p>The shape of the Enter key differs between ISO and ANSI keyboards: in the latter, the Enter key is in a single row (usually the third from the bottom) while in the former it spans over two rows and has an inverse L shape.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shift_key">Shift key</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Shift_key" title="Shift key">Shift key</a></div>

<p>The purpose of the <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd> key is to invoke the first alternative function of the key with which it is pressed concurrently. For alphabetic keys, shift+letter gives the upper case version of that letter. For other keys, the key is engraved with symbols for both the unshifted and shifted result. When used in combination with other control keys (such as <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>, <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd> or <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>), the effect is system and application dependent.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Menu_key" title="Menu key">Menu key</a></div>

<p>The Menu key or Application key is a key found on Windows-oriented computer keyboards. It is used to launch a context menu with the keyboard rather than with the usual right mouse button. The key's symbol is usually a small icon depicting a cursor hovering above a menu. On some Samsung keyboards the cursor in the icon is not present, showing the menu only. This key was created at the same time as the Windows key. This key is normally used when the right mouse button is not present on the mouse. Some Windows public terminals do not have a Menu key on their keyboard to prevent users from right-clicking (however, in many Windows applications, a similar functionality can be invoked with the Shift+F10 <a href="Keyboard_shortcut" title="Keyboard shortcut">keyboard shortcut</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_pad">Number pad</h3></div>

<p>Many, but not all, computer keyboards have a <a href="Numeric_keypad" title="Numeric keypad">numeric keypad</a> to the right of the alphabetic keyboard, often separated from the other groups of keys such as the function keys and system command keys, which contains numbers, basic mathematical symbols (e.g., addition, subtraction, etc.), and a few function keys. In addition to the row of number keys above the top alphabetic row, most desktop keyboards have a <a href="Number_pad" class="mw-redirect" title="Number pad">number pad</a> or accounting pad, on the right hand side of the keyboard. While <a href="Num_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Num lock">num lock</a> is set, the numbers on these keys duplicate the number row; if not, they have alternative functions as engraved. In addition to numbers, this pad has command symbols concerned with calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division symbols. The enter key in this keys indicate the equal sign.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3></div>

<p>On <a href="Keyboard_layout#East_Asian_languages" title="Keyboard layout">Japanese/Korean keyboards</a>, there may be <a href="Language_input_keys" title="Language input keys">language input keys</a> for changing the language to use.

</p><p>Some keyboards have power management keys (e.g., power key, sleep key and wake key); Internet keys to access a web browser or <a href="E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a>; and/or multimedia keys, such as volume controls; or keys that can be programmed by the user to launch a specified application or a command like minimizing all windows.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_layouts">Multiple layouts</h3></div>

<p>It is possible to install multiple keyboard layouts within an operating system and switch between them, either through features implemented within the OS, or through an external application. Microsoft Windows,<sup id="cite_ref-MicrosoftLayout_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MicrosoftLayout-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linux,<sup id="cite_ref-LinuxLayout_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinuxLayout-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mac<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide support to add keyboard layouts and choose from them.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illumination">Illumination</h2></div>

<p>Keyboards and keypads may be illuminated from inside, especially on equipment for mobile use. Both keyboards built into computers and external ones may support backlighting; external backlit keyboards may have a wired USB connection, or be connected wirelessly and powered by batteries. Illumination facilitates the use of the keyboard or keypad in dark environments.

</p><p>For general productivity, only the keys may be uniformly backlit, without distracting light around the keys.

</p>

<p>Many gaming keyboards are designed to have an aesthetic as well as functional appeal, with multiple colours, and colour-coded keys to make it easier for gamers to find command keys while playing in a dark room.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many keyboards not otherwise illuminated may have small LED indicator lights in a few important function keys, or elsewhere on the housing, if their function is activated (see photo).

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="ThinkLight" title="ThinkLight">ThinkLight</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Keyboard_technology" title="Keyboard technology">Keyboard technology</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_switches">Key switches</h3></div>

<p>In the first electronic keyboards in the early 1970s, the key switches were individual switches inserted into holes in metal frames. These keyboards cost from 80 to 120 <a href="USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> and were used in mainframe data terminals. The most popular switch types were <a href="Reed_switch" title="Reed switch">reed switches</a> (contacts enclosed in a vacuum in a glass capsule, affected by a magnet mounted on the switch plunger).

</p><p>In the mid-1970s, lower-cost direct-contact key switches were introduced, but their life in switch cycles was much shorter (rated ten million cycles) because they were open to the environment. This became more acceptable, however, for use in computer terminals at the time, which began to see increasingly shorter model lifespans as they advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1978, Key Tronic Corporation introduced keyboards with capacitive-based switches, one of the first keyboard technologies not to use self-contained switches. There was simply a sponge pad with a conductive-coated Mylar plastic sheet on the switch plunger, and two half-moon trace patterns on the printed circuit board below. As the key was depressed, the capacitance between the plunger pad and the patterns on the PCB below changed, which was detected by integrated circuits (IC). These keyboards were claimed to have the same reliability as the other "solid-state switch" keyboards such as inductive and Hall-effect, but competitive with direct-contact keyboards. Prices of $60 for keyboards were achieved, and Key Tronic rapidly became the largest independent keyboard manufacturer.

</p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> made their own keyboards, using their own patented technology: Keys on older IBM keyboards<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were made with a <a href="Buckling-spring_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckling-spring keyboard">"buckling spring"</a> mechanism, in which a coil spring under the key buckles under pressure from the user's finger, triggering a hammer that presses two plastic sheets (membranes) with conductive traces together, completing a circuit. This produces a clicking sound and gives physical feedback for the typist, indicating that the key has been depressed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first electronic keyboards had a typewriter key travel distance of 0.187 inches (4.75 mm), keytops were a half-inch (12.7 mm) high, and keyboards were about two inches (5 cm) thick. Over time, less key travel was accepted in the market, finally landing on 0.110 inches (2.79 mm). Coincident with this, Key Tronic was the first company to introduce a keyboard that was only about one inch thick. And now keyboards measure only about a half-inch thick.

</p>

<p>Keytops are an important element of keyboards. In the beginning, keyboard keytops had a "dish shape" on top, like typewriters before them. Keyboard key legends must be extremely durable over tens of millions of depressions, since they are subjected to extreme mechanical wear from fingers and fingernails, and subject to hand oils and creams, so engraving and filling key legends with paint, as was done previously for individual switches, was never acceptable. So, for the first electronic keyboards, the key legends were produced by <a href="Injection_molding" class="mw-redirect" title="Injection molding">two-shot (or double-shot, or two-color) molding</a>, where either the key shell or the inside of the key with the key legend was molded first, and then the other color molded second. But, to save cost, other methods were explored, such as <a href="Dye-sublimation_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dye-sublimation printer">sublimation printing</a> and <a href="Laser_engraving" title="Laser engraving">laser engraving</a>, both methods which could be used to print a whole keyboard at the same time.

</p><p>Initially, sublimation printing, where a special ink is printed onto the keycap surface and the application of heat causes the ink molecules to penetrate and commingle with the plastic modules, had a problem because finger oils caused the molecules to disperse, but then a necessarily very hard clear coating was applied to prevent this. Coincident with sublimation printing, which was first used in high volume by IBM on their keyboards, was the introduction by IBM of single-curved-dish keycaps to facilitate quality printing of key legends by having a consistently curved surface instead of a dish. But one problem with sublimation or laser printing was that the processes took too long and only dark legends could be printed on light-colored keys. On another note, IBM was unique in using separate shells, or "<a href="Keycap" title="Keycap">keycaps</a>", on keytop bases. This might have made their manufacturing of different keyboard layouts more flexible, but the reason for doing this was that the plastic material that needed to be used for sublimation printing was different from standard ABS keytop plastic material.

</p><p>Three final mechanical technologies brought keyboards to where they are today, driving the cost well under $10:

</p>

<ol><li>"Monoblock" keyboard designs were developed where individual switch housings were eliminated and a one-piece "monoblock" housing used instead. This was possible because of molding techniques that could provide very tight tolerances for the switch-plunger holes and guides across the width of the keyboard so that the key plunger-to-housing clearances were not too tight or too loose, either of which could cause the keys to bind.</li>

<li>The use of contact-switch membrane sheets under the monoblock. This technology came from <a href="Membrane_switch" title="Membrane switch">flat-panel switch membranes</a>, where the switch contacts are printed inside of a top and bottom layer, with a spacer layer in between, so that when pressure is applied to the area above, a direct electrical contact is made. The membrane layers can be printed by very-high volume, low-cost "reel-to-reel" printing machines, with each keyboard membrane cut and punched out afterwards.</li></ol>

<p>Plastic materials played a very important part in the development and progress of electronic keyboards. Until "monoblocks" came along, GE's "self-lubricating" <a href="Polyoxymethylene_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyoxymethylene plastic">Delrin</a> was the only plastic material for keyboard switch plungers that could withstand the beating over tens of millions of cycles of lifetime use. Greasing or oiling switch plungers was undesirable because it would attract <a href="Dirt" title="Dirt">dirt</a> over time which would eventually affect the feel and even bind the key switches (although keyboard manufacturers would sometimes sneak this into their keyboards, especially if they could not control the tolerances of the key plungers and housings well enough to have a smooth key depression feel or prevent binding). But Delrin was only available in black and white, and was not suitable for keytops (too soft), so keytops use <a href="Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">ABS</a> plastic. However, as plastic molding advanced in maintaining tight tolerances, and as key travel length reduced from 0.187-inch to 0.110-inch (4.75 mm to 2.79 mm), single-part keytop/plungers could be made of ABS, with the keyboard monoblocks also made of ABS.

</p><p>In common use, the term "mechanical keyboard" refers to a keyboard with individual mechanical key switches, each of which contains a fully encased plunger with a spring below it and metallic electrical contacts on a side. The plunger sits on the spring, and the key will often close the contacts when the plunger is pressed halfway. Other switches require the plunger to be fully pressed down. The depth at which the plunger must be pressed for the contacts to close is known as the activation distance. Analog keyboards with key switches whose activation distance can be reconfigured through software, optical switches that work by blocking laser beams, and Hall Effect keyboards that use key switches that use a magnet to activate a hall sensor are also available.

</p><p>Some keyboards, called pressure-sensitive, allow varying input according to the distance pressed, analogously to the <a href="Analog_joystick" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog joystick">analog joystick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_processor">Control processor</h3></div>

<p>Computer keyboards include <a href="Keyboard_controller_(computing)" title="Keyboard controller (computing)">control circuitry</a> to convert key presses into key codes<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (usually <a href="Scancodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scancodes">scancodes</a>) that the computer's electronics can understand. The key switches are connected via the printed circuit board in an electrical X-Y matrix where a voltage is provided sequentially to the Y lines and, when a key is depressed, detected sequentially by scanning the X lines.

</p><p>The first computer keyboards were for mainframe computer data terminals and used discrete electronic parts. The first keyboard microprocessor was introduced in 1972 by General Instruments, but keyboards have been using the single-chip <a href="Intel_8048" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 8048">8048</a> <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> variant since it became available in 1978. The keyboard switch matrix is wired to its inputs, it converts the keystrokes to key codes, and, for a detached keyboard, sends the codes down a serial cable (the keyboard cord) to the main processor on the computer motherboard. This serial keyboard cable communication is only bi-directional to the extent that the computer's electronics controls the illumination of the caps lock, num lock and scroll lock lights.

</p><p>One test for whether the computer has crashed is pressing the caps lock key. The keyboard sends the key code to the <a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">keyboard driver</a> running in the main computer; if the main computer is operating, it commands the light to turn on. All the other indicator lights work in a similar way. The keyboard driver also tracks the Shift, alt and control state of the keyboard.

</p><p>Some lower-quality keyboards have multiple or false key entries due to inadequate electrical designs. These are caused by inadequate keyswitch "debouncing" or inadequate keyswitch matrix layout that don't allow multiple keys to be depressed at the same time, both circumstances which are explained below:

</p><p>When pressing a keyboard key, the key contacts may "bounce" against each other for several milliseconds before they settle into firm contact. When released, they bounce some more until they revert to the uncontacted state. If the computer were watching for each pulse, it would see many keystrokes for what the user thought was just one. To resolve this problem, the processor in a keyboard (or computer) "<a href="Switch" title="Switch">debounces</a>" the keystrokes, by aggregating them across time to produce one "confirmed" keystroke.

</p><p>Some low-quality keyboards also suffer problems with <i><a href="Rollover_(key)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollover (key)">rollover</a></i> (that is, when multiple keys pressed at the same time, or when keys are pressed so fast that multiple keys are down within the same milliseconds). Early "solid-state" keyswitch keyboards did not have this problem because the keyswitches are electrically isolated from each other, and early "direct-contact" keyswitch keyboards avoided this problem by having isolation diodes for every keyswitch. These early keyboards had "n-key" rollover, which means any number of keys can be depressed and the keyboard will still recognize the next key depressed. But when three keys are pressed (electrically closed) at the same time in a "direct contact" keyswitch matrix that doesn't have isolation diodes, the keyboard electronics can see a fourth "phantom" key which is the intersection of the X and Y lines of the three keys. Some types of keyboard circuitry will register a maximum number of keys at one time. "Three-key" rollover, also called "phantom key blocking" or "phantom key lockout", will only register three keys and ignore all others until one of the three keys is lifted. This is undesirable, especially for fast typing (hitting new keys before the fingers can release previous keys), and <a href="Game" title="Game">games</a> (designed for multiple key presses).

</p><p>As direct-contact membrane keyboards became popular, the available rollover of keys was optimized by analyzing the most common key sequences and placing these keys so that they do not potentially produce phantom keys in the electrical key matrix (for example, simply placing three or four keys that might be depressed simultaneously on the same X or same Y line, so that a phantom key intersection/short cannot happen), so that blocking a third key usually isn't a problem. But lower-quality keyboard designs and unknowledgeable engineers may not know these tricks, and it can still be a problem in games due to wildly different or configurable layouts in different games.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_types">Connection types</h3></div>

<p>There are several ways of connecting a keyboard to a <a href="System_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="System unit">system unit</a> (more precisely, to its <a href="Keyboard_controller_(computing)" title="Keyboard controller (computing)">keyboard controller</a>) using cables, including the standard <a href="AT_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="AT keyboard">AT connector</a> commonly found on motherboards, which was eventually replaced by the <a href="PS/2_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="PS/2 connector">PS/2</a> and the <a href="Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> connection. Prior to the iMac line of systems, Apple used the proprietary <a href="Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a> for its keyboard connector.

</p><p><a href="Wireless_keyboard" title="Wireless keyboard">Wireless keyboards</a> have become popular. A wireless keyboard must have a transmitter built in, and a receiver connected to the computer's keyboard port; it communicates either by <a href="Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> (RF) or <a href="Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> (IR) signals. A wireless keyboard may use industry standard <a href="Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> radio communication, in which case the receiver may be built into the computer. Wireless keyboards need batteries for power, and may be at risk of data <a href="Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">eavesdropping</a>. Wireless <a href="Solar_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar keyboard">solar keyboards</a> charge their batteries from small <a href="Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> using natural or artificial light. The 1984 <a href="Apricot_Portable" title="Apricot Portable">Apricot Portable</a> is an early example of an IR keyboard.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_text-entering_methods">Alternative text-entering methods</h2></div>

<p><a href="Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">Optical character recognition</a> (OCR) is preferable to rekeying for converting existing text that is already written down but not in machine-readable format (for example, a <a href="Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">Linotype</a>-composed book from the 1940s). In other words, to convert the text from an image to editable text (that is, a string of character codes), a person could re-type it, or a computer could look at the image and deduce what each character is. OCR technology has already reached an impressive state (for example, <a href="Google_Book_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search">Google Book Search</a>) and promises more for the future.

</p><p><a href="Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> converts speech into machine-readable text (that is, a string of character codes). This technology has also reached an advanced state and is implemented in <a href="List_of_speech_recognition_software" title="List of speech recognition software">various software products</a>. For certain uses (e.g., transcription of medical or legal dictation; journalism; writing essays or novels) speech recognition is starting to replace the keyboard. However, the lack of privacy when issuing voice commands and dictation makes this kind of input unsuitable for many environments.

</p><p><a href="Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a> can be used to enter text or characters in contexts where using a physical keyboard would be inappropriate or impossible. These accessories typically present characters on a display, in a layout that provides fast access to the more frequently used characters or character combinations. Popular examples of this kind of input are <a href="Graffiti_(Palm_OS)" title="Graffiti (Palm OS)">Graffiti</a>, <a href="Dasher_(software)" title="Dasher (software)">Dasher</a> and on-screen <a href="Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">virtual keyboards</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_issues">Other issues</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keystroke_logging">Keystroke logging</h3></div>

<p>Unencrypted wireless <a href="Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> keyboards are known to be vulnerable to signal theft by placing a covert listening device in the same room as the keyboard to sniff and record <i>Bluetooth</i> packets for the purpose of logging keys typed by the user. <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> wireless keyboards 2011 and earlier are documented to have this vulnerability.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">Keystroke logging</a> (often called keylogging) is a method of capturing and recording user keystrokes. While it is used legally to measure employee productivity on certain clerical tasks, or by law enforcement agencies to find out about illegal activities, it is also used by <a href="Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">hackers</a> for various illegal or malicious acts. Hackers use keyloggers as a means to obtain passwords or encryption keys and thus bypass other security measures.

</p><p>Keystroke logging can be achieved by both hardware and software means. Hardware key loggers are attached to the keyboard cable or installed inside standard keyboards. Software keyloggers work on the target computer's operating system and gain unauthorized access to the hardware, hook into the keyboard with functions provided by the OS, or use remote access software to transmit recorded data out of the target computer to a remote location. Some hackers also use wireless keylogger sniffers to collect packets of data being transferred from a wireless keyboard and its receiver, and then they crack the encryption key being used to secure wireless communications between the two devices.

</p><p><a href="Spyware" title="Spyware">Anti-spyware</a> applications are able to detect many keyloggers and cleanse them. Responsible vendors of monitoring software support detection by anti-spyware programs, thus preventing abuse of the software. Enabling a <a href="Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a> does not stop keyloggers per se, but can possibly prevent transmission of the logged material over the net if properly configured. <a href="Network_monitoring" title="Network monitoring">Network monitors</a> (also known as reverse-firewalls) can be used to alert the user whenever an application attempts to make a network connection. This gives the user the chance to prevent the keylogger from "<a href="Phoning_home" title="Phoning home">phoning home</a>" with his or her typed information. Automatic form-filling programs can prevent keylogging entirely by not using the keyboard at all. Historically, most keyloggers could be fooled by alternating between typing the login credentials and typing characters somewhere else in the focus window.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Keyboards are also known to emit electromagnetic signatures that can be detected using special spying equipment to reconstruct the keys pressed on the keyboard. Neal O'Farrell, executive director of the Identity Theft Council, revealed to InformationWeek that "More than 25 years ago, a couple of former spooks showed me how they could capture a user's ATM PIN, from a van parked across the street, simply by capturing and decoding the electromagnetic signals generated by every keystroke," O'Farrell said. "They could even capture keystrokes from computers in nearby offices, but the technology wasn't sophisticated enough to focus in on any specific computer."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_injury">Physical injury</h3></div>

<p>The use of any keyboard may cause serious injury (that is, <a href="Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">carpal tunnel syndrome</a> or other <a href="Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">repetitive strain injury</a>) to hands, wrists, arms, neck or back.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risks of injuries can be reduced by taking frequent short breaks to get up and walk around a couple of times every hour. As well, users should vary tasks throughout the day, to avoid overuse of the hands and wrists. When inputting at the keyboard, a person should keep the shoulders relaxed with the elbows at the side, with the keyboard and mouse positioned so that reaching is not necessary. The chair height and keyboard tray should be adjusted so that the wrists are straight, and the wrists should not be rested on sharp table edges.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Wrist_rest" title="Wrist rest">Wrist or palm rests</a> should not be used while typing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some <a href="Adaptive_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive technology">adaptive technology</a> ranging from special keyboards, mouse replacements and pen tablet interfaces to speech recognition software can reduce the risk of injury. Pause software reminds the user to pause frequently. Switching to a much more ergonomic mouse, such as a vertical mouse or joystick mouse may provide relief.

</p><p>By using a <a href="Touchpad" title="Touchpad">touchpad</a> or a stylus pen with a graphic tablet, in place of a mouse, one can lessen the repetitive strain on the arms and hands.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Keyboard_computer" title="Keyboard computer">Keyboard computer</a> - popular form of computers in the early 1980s</li>

<li><a href="Digital_pen" title="Digital pen">Digital pen</a></li>

<li><a href="Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PC_keyboard" title="IBM PC keyboard">IBM PC keyboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">Keyboard layout</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyboard_protector" title="Keyboard protector">Keyboard protector</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyboard_technology" title="Keyboard technology">Keyboard technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Keypad" title="Keypad">Keypad</a></li>

<li><a href="Maltron" title="Maltron">Maltron</a></li>

<li><a href="Numeric_keypad" title="Numeric keypad">Numeric keypad</a></li>

<li><a href="Overlay_keyboard" title="Overlay keyboard">Overlay keyboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_of_keyboard_shortcuts" title="Table of keyboard shortcuts">Table of keyboard shortcuts</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">Virtual keyboard</a> (touchscreen keyboard)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelson-miller.com/what-is-a-flexible-keyboard">"What is a Flexible Keyboard?"</a>. <i>Nelson-Miller.com</i>. 31 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170414/http://www.nelson-miller.com/what-is-a-flexible-keyboard">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>flexible keyboards ..The most common material .. silicone</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alphagrips.com/comfort.html">The Alphagrip – The World's most Comfortable Ergonomic Keyboard for Typing and Programming</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225045212/http://alphagrips.com/comfort.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Alphagrips.com. Retrieved on 9 December 2011.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSYjdR425p4C"><i>Complete Computer Hardware</i></a>. p. 165. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309180757/https://books.google.com/books?id=WSYjdR425p4C">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2018</span>. <q>wrists should not be rested on sharp table edges. ... Switching .. to using a stylus pen with graphic tablet or a trackpad such as ...</q></cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWichary2023" class="citation book cs1">Wichary, Marcin (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shifthappens.site/"><i>Shift Happens</i></a>. Lewiston, Maine: Penmor.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_keyboards" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Computer keyboards">Computer keyboards</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/keyboard.htm">How Computer Keyboards Work</a> at <a href="HowStuffWorks" title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212184655/http://maven.smith.edu/~thiebaut/ArtOfAssembly/CH20/CH20-1.html">"Art of Assembly Language: Chapter Twenty": The PC Keyboard</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dribin.org/dave/keyboard/one_html/">Keyboard matrix circuits</a></li>

<li><i><a href="PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a></i>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/139100/the_10_worst_pc_keyboards_of_all_time.html">The 10 worst PC Keyboards of All Time</a>".</li></ul>

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</style><div class="navbar-header"><a href="IBM_PC_keyboard" title="IBM PC keyboard">IBM PC keyboard</a> (<a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> US layout)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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<td style="border:1px solid #666;padding:0 .2em;background-color:#DADADA"><a href="Print_Screen" title="Print Screen">PrtScn</a>/<br><a href="System_request" title="System request">SysRq</a>

</td>

<td style="border:1px solid #666;padding:0 .2em;background-color:#DADADA"><a href="Scroll_Lock" title="Scroll Lock">Scroll<br>Lock</a>

</td>

<td style="border:1px solid #666;padding:0 .2em;background-color:#DADADA"><a href="Break_key" title="Break key">Pause</a>/<br><a href="Break_key" title="Break key">Break</a>

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<td style="border:1px solid #666;padding:0 .2em;font-size:75%;background-color:#DADADA"><a href="Insert_key" title="Insert key">Insert</a>

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</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="border:1px solid #666;padding:0 .2em;font-size:75%;background-color:#DADADA"><a href="Delete_key" title="Delete key">Delete</a>

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<td rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid #666;padding:0 .2em;font-size:85%;background-color:#DADADA"><a href="Enter_key" title="Enter key"><small>Enter</small></a>

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</td>

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</td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Keyboard_keys117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Keyboard_keys117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Keyboard_technology" title="Keyboard technology">Keyboard</a> keys</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dead_key" title="Dead key">Dead keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compose_key" title="Compose key">Compose</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Modifier_key" title="Modifier key">Modifier keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Control_key" title="Control key">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Shift_key" title="Shift key">Shift</a></li>

<li><a href="Alt_key" title="Alt key">Alt</a> / <a href="Option_key" title="Option key">Option</a> (<a href="Apple_keyboards" title="Apple keyboards">Apple</a>)</li>

<li><a href="AltGr_key" title="AltGr key">AltGr</a></li>

<li><a href="Command_key" title="Command key">Command</a> (<a href="Apple_keyboards" title="Apple keyboards">Apple</a>) / <a href="Windows_key" title="Windows key">Windows</a> (<a href="IntelliType" title="IntelliType">Microsoft</a>) / <a href="Super_key_(keyboard_button)" title="Super key (keyboard button)">Super</a></li>

<li><a href="Space-cadet_keyboard" title="Space-cadet keyboard">Hyper</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lock_key" title="Lock key">Lock keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scroll_Lock" title="Scroll Lock">Scroll Lock</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation keys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arrow_keys" title="Arrow keys">Arrow keys</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Enter_key" title="Enter key">Enter/Return</a>

<ul><li><a href="Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">Carriage return</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Backspace" title="Backspace">Backspace</a></li>

<li><a href="Insert_key" title="Insert key">Insert</a></li>

<li><a href="Delete_key" title="Delete key">Delete</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_bar" title="Space bar">Space bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Numeric_keypad" title="Numeric keypad">Numeric keypad</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_input_keys" title="Language input keys">Language input</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contextual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Function_key" title="Function key">Function keys</a></li>

<li><a href="Print_Screen" title="Print Screen">Print Screen</a></li>

<li><a href="System_request" title="System request">System request</a></li>

<li><a href="Break_key" title="Break key">Break/Pause</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Power_key" title="Power key">Power management keys</a> (Power, Sleep, Wake)</li>

<li><a href="Macro_key" title="Macro key">Macro key</a></li>

<li><a href="Copilot_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Copilot key">Copilot key</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyboard_technology" title="Keyboard technology">Keyboard technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyboard_shortcut" title="Keyboard shortcut">Keyboard shortcut</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">Keyboard layout</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyboard_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard mapping">Keyboard mapping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components192" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Basic_computer_components192" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li>

<li><a href="Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li>

<li><a href="Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li>

<li><a href="Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a>

<li><a href="Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li>

<li><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a>

<ul><li><a href="Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li>

<li><a href="Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a>

<li><a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li>

<li><a href="USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a>

<li><a href="Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a>

<li><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a>

<ul><li><a href="Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li>

<li><a href="Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li>

<li><a href="Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li>

<li><a href="DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li>

<li><a href="Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li>

<li><a href="Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li>

<li><a href="Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_controllers81" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Video_game_controllers81" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Game_controller" title="Game controller">Video game controllers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controller types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arcade_controller" title="Arcade controller">Arcade controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Balance_board" title="Balance board">Balance board</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Dance_pad" title="Dance pad">Dance pad</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamepad" title="Gamepad">Gamepad</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaming_keypad" title="Gaming keypad">Gaming keypad</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_urinal" title="Interactive urinal">Interactive urinal</a></li>

<li><a href="Joystick" title="Joystick">Joystick</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_gun" title="Light gun">Light gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_controller" title="Motion controller">Motion controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhythm_game_accessories" title="Rhythm game accessories">Musical Instruments</a></li>

<li><a href="Paddle_(game_controller)" title="Paddle (game controller)">Paddle</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulator_pedal" title="Simulator pedal">Pedal</a></li>

<li><a href="Sim_racing_wheel" title="Sim racing wheel">Wheel</a> (<a href="Direct-drive_sim_racing_wheel" title="Direct-drive sim racing wheel">direct drive</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Remote_control" title="Remote control">Remote control</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a></li>

<li><a href="Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">Wired glove</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controller parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical buttons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analog_stick" title="Analog stick">Analog stick</a></li>

<li><a href="Arrow_keys" title="Arrow keys">Arrow keys</a></li>

<li><a href="Hat_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat switch">Hat switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Scroll_wheel" title="Scroll wheel">Scroll wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamepad#Features" title="Gamepad">Select button</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamepad#Features" title="Gamepad">Start button</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_keypad" title="Telephone keypad">Telephone keypad</a></li>

<li><a href="Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li>

<li><a href="Trigger_(game_controller)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigger (game controller)">Trigger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensitive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">Accelerometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Force_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Force feedback">Force feedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">Haptic technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Stylus_(computing)" title="Stylus (computing)">Stylus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_pen" title="Digital pen">Digital pen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li>

<li><a href="Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_game_controllers" title="List of game controllers">List of game controllers</a></li>

<li><a href="Multitap" title="Multitap">Multitap</a></li>

<li><a href="Reset_button" class="mw-redirect" title="Reset button">Reset button</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata790" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata790" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Keyboards (Electronics)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85072120">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543580205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/c38d7cfa-aa66-47a6-9e5d-3029617a582a">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-31" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Computer_keyboard&oldid=1283348038">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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